In a CAthode Ray tube, the cathode is negative and the anode is positive since it shows a ray of electrons and since electrons flow from the negative end of a battery to the postive end.
In a galvanic cell the cathode is positive and the anode is negative since it is describing the current produced by the cell. Also, the anode is where oxidation takes place ( loss of electrons, hence negative, since current flow is opposite to electron flow) and the cathode is where reduction occurs ( gain of electrons, hence positive because of the current produced)
you dont really need to know why its different, just accept it...