IUPAC nomenclature
hydrocarbon numbers 1-8 are: meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct
ane = single bond
ene = double bond
yne=triple bond
ol = OH in there
oic acid = COOH in there
yl= branch
you also number things according to their location and least distance from the end
there is also di-, tri-, tetra- prefixes which denote how many of a certain thing there are, eg diol or triol
there is also where you replace the hydrogens with halogens and add the prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- etc.
there is also how you name esters: alkyl(the one that came from the alcohol) alkanoate(the one that came from the -oic acid) is the general form.