18a. Use the fact that PS = perpendicular distance of P to the directrix.
18c. If PQ is focal chord, pq=-1. Find PQ (in terms of p and q), then let q=-1/p and substitute.
19a. find the gradient of PS and QS and show they multiply to give -1 (you can find coords of Q by finding out where the normal at P intersects the parabola)