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Crime Fiction is studied in the context of Genre. You are expected to have an understanding of the conventions and values associated with the generic forms of crime fiction. You need to consider why crime fiction might arise at particular times and the social, political, economic and cultural conditions that are conducive to its endurance and recurrence in popularity. The reasons for and validity of generic distinctions also need to be considered.
As a genre, crime fiction’s key focus is mystery but via this mystery other focuses might be explored. This mystery might be solved by ‘rationality’ and the ‘careful accretion of evidence’, which ensures the responder’s active involvement in the deduction of the solution to the crime.
While investigating your prescribed texts and texts of your own choosing, you will need to reflect on this notion of genre. The Big Sleep through its use of Film Noir showcases the ‘hard-boiled detective’ conventions of crime fiction. Marlowe’s suspicious past (fired from the ‘force’ for insubordination); attractiveness to women, wit and sexual banter, idiosyncratic way of speaking, associations with his shabby office and a shady underworld of crime, whisky drinking and own ambivalent perception of justice, created a template, which has been copied and subverted numerous times since its inception.
It also exploits other conventions such as violence, fight scenes, use of guns and other weapons, red herrings and scenes of disturbing violence such as Harry Jones’ murder by poison where Marlowe remains the uninvolved observer. The film ends appropriately with the ‘case closed’ yet elements of justice still unresolved.
P.D. James’ The Skull Beneath the Skin uses the English Country Manor House crime fiction conventions. Its closed circle of suspects in an isolated setting is achieved with the island setting. ‘We are here together, ten of use on this small and lonely island. And one of us is a murderer.’ (page 312) The violence of the commission of the murder is in the context of a range of motives associated with each suspect. The class system presents a range of possible suspects including the cliched possibility of the ‘butler who did it’. The amateur sleuth, Cordelia Gray, who demonstrates some hard-boiled qualities despite her gender, is pitted against the official police investigators.
The novel makes use of red herrings and foreshadowing. Accretion of evidence and active involvement is facilitated by various narrative techniques including chapters devoted to the sequential and logical interrogation of each suspect by the police detectives.
The mystery element is sustained and enhanced by the literary allusions to The Duchess of Malfi and various Shakespearean references. Similarly, the setting adds to the mysterious mood with the use of trapdoors, the sinister Devil’s Kitchen and disturbing collection of Victorian death memorabilia as well as the intrusion of a violent historical past impinging on the present.
Tom Stoppard’s The Real Inspector Hound highlights the English Country manor House conventions by parodying or subverting them. The isolated Muldoon Manor with the ‘treacherous swamps that surround this strangely inaccessible house’ (page 16) is stated directly by the housekeeper Mrs Drudge and we are reminded of its isolation a number of times. The centrality of the crime of murder is satirised with the victim’s body, despite its obvious presence in the drawing room, largely ignored by the characters. Coincidence, red herrings, mistaken identities, various motives and suspects are all presided over by an ambiguous detective, Inspector Hound, whose identity remains unclear. With its uncertainty and ambiguity, the play challenges the conventions of rationality, justice and restoration of order associated with crime fiction.
Michael Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost set in Sri Lanka contrasts sharply with the other texts set in England and the US respectively. The crime of Sailor’s murder is investigated in the context of mystery not only in terms of the crime but also in the lives of the protagonists. Accretion of evidence occurs with the inclusion of red herrings but science (through the work of a forensic anthropologist) works to solve the crime. The ending remains unresolved, as Anil’s investigation results are not known.
In selecting your own crime fiction texts, it is important to reflect on how they ‘fit’ with the genre as a whole as well as your prescribed texts. Therefore, a text, which explores the ‘hard-boiled detective’, would be useful such as Marele Day’s The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender, where Claudia Valentine challenges gender stereotypes as a detective in the style of Marlowe. Similarly, traditional texts which use the conventions of English Country manor House such as novels by Agatha Christie could be considered in the context of both James’ and Stoppard’s works. Contemporary texts with their interest in science and forensic techniques, the psychology of both the victim and perpetrator, issues of justice in a postmodern world could be used to reflect on the fluidity and adaptability of the genre.
Sample Question
‘The rôle of the detective in crime fiction is unlike the protagonist in any other form of narrative. Their presence in the text gives the crime writer a greater range of possibilities than composers in other genres.’
How does the detective protagonist in crime fiction enlarge the potential of the narrative? How have the composers you have studied used the conventions of the genre in creating him or her?
You should refer to TWO of your prescribed texts and other related texts of your own choosing.
Firstly, it needs to be noted that HSC markers have criticised many student responses for a tendency to simply launch into a historical overview of crime fiction. This approach is to be avoided. Certainly, you will be concerned with placing texts in their context in order to demonstrate the evolution of the genre over time but resist a chronological historical account, it is not what is required.
This question asks you to reflect on the creation and characterisation of the detective protagonist in the context of the crime fiction genre and how this character permits the composer of the text to explore other focuses as well. You could consider Marlowe from The Big Sleep, Cordelia Gray from The Skull Beneath the Skin with references to Buckley and Grogan as well as Claudia Valentine from The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender. Philip Marlowe in The Big Sleep presents the quintessential ‘hard-boiled detective’. Despite his determination to uncover the truth, he ultimately chooses to suppress it. He attempts to convince both himself and the audience that ‘Mars killed Regan’ settling for something ‘pretty close to the truth’. In doing so despite his ‘strong sense of honour’, he metes out his own justice, protecting Carmen and sending Mars to his death highlighting the growing incongruity between truth, justice and the law. The ambiguity of his character presented as a lone disaffected anti-hero existing in a seedy film noir underworld reflects on the audience, who become uncomfortably complicit and culpable in the death of Canino. General Sternwood’s comment about his orchids, which he significantly equates with humanity: ‘their flesh is too much like the flesh of men, and their perfume has the rotten sweetness of corruption’ becomes a theme in the film. This is a bleak corrupt world, which is characterised by the disintegration of moral values and obligations. Harry Jones justifies his inaction when Marlowe is attacked: ‘ A person has a hand to play, I let him play it’ only to be commended by Marlowe: ‘You’ve got brains’.
Cordelia Gray represents a development into the female ‘hard-boiled detective’. She is self-employed and has developed her own value system, which she stands by strongly. ‘She no longer cared, who was sending the messages or why. She felt that she hardly cared whether Clarissa lived or died…You can’t make moral judgements about your clients in this job, mate. Start that and you may as well shut up shop.’ (page 122) She is assertive, determined and strong-willed. Initially, she is prepared to ‘go undercover’ posing as Clarissa’s secretary, but she remains on the case after the murder.
She shares a number of hard-boiled qualities with Marlowe. She deals cautiously with the police – ‘..those moments when, although she told no direct untruth, she certainly omitted the facts which she had decided not to tell.’ (page 223) and ‘you’re not here to solve the crime, that’s my job.’ (page 227) When Cordelia in Chapter 8 is looking at her own imminent death, she remains in a ‘Marlowesque’ way calm and rational. She is also characterised by a sharp wit - ‘I don’t like it myself. Someone once told me it’s the result of having an atheist father, a convent education and a nonconformist conscience.’ (page 137) Cordelia and Claudia Valentine in The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender are examples of a new breed of detective, a female manifestation of the hard-boiled detective who are determined to prove their worth in a male dominated society. Similarly, Sandra Cassidy in Don’t Say a Word by Gary Fleder is a New York detective investigating a series of murders, who is desperate to prove that she is as capable as any male.
For each text, you should consider its context and associated values in order to explore further the rôle of the detective as well as other focuses.