中文歌詞! (7 Viewers)

Frigid

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Originally posted by bubz :D
good morning... still doing assignment :(
i'm yet to write mine (i've done most of the reading for it though)... hopefully my HSC english advanced 92 marks essay-writing skills will come flooding back soon... one day, one midsemester essay :)
 

bubz :D

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Originally posted by tactic
i am not a cow!! hahaha
no, you are a stupid cow! :D

dowidzenia! oh wait, that means goodbye...
czescz! (i've never spelt that right :p)



Originally posted by Frigid

i'm yet to write mine (i've done most of the reading for it though)... hopefully my HSC english advanced 92 marks essay-writing skills will come flooding back soon... one day, one midsemester essay :)
*rolls eyes* 92! pfft! lol (jk, you did better than me :p)
 

Frigid

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Originally posted by bubz :D
*rolls eyes* 92! pfft! lol (jk, you did better than me :p)
i know i know mistress... could've done better... chucked a jimbo, get 97, came 14th in advance english in the state, boost the crap outta my aggregate marks to get uai 99.70 and gone to usyd to do law :(
 

Frigid

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haha i always pout...

ur assignment yil gun ar... do it first...

i'll tty tonite... me gotta do mine too :)

baizie.
 

Frigid

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my first two paragraphs sound so good...

Frigid's MPO essay draft version 0.1 - steal it piggies and DIE!!! :chainsaw:

No rational individual goes through life without some set of guiding paradigms. To this set of rules, we give the name values. To take Kluckhohns (1951) definition of value, a value is a conception distinctive of an individual or group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of actions. In simpler terms, Kluckhohn defines a value as the desirable mode out of all other possible modes. Further, the phrase, distinctive of [a] group, implies that a value is a specific attribute of a specific group; or in other words, different groups should have different sets of values.

It is under this implication that Hofstede showed value differences across different national cultures. In a statistical analysis of IBM employees across 53 countries (Hofstede 1980), he identified the four areas of difference: social inequality, relationship between the individual and the group, concepts of masculinity and femininity and the ways of dealing with uncertainty. To these difference dimensions, which are aspects of one culture that are measured relative to other cultures (Hofstede 1991), he gave the names power distance, collectivism vs individualism, femininity vs masculinity and uncertainty avoidance.
and it goes downhill from there :(
 
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Frigid

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More from Frigid's MPO essay...
...*continued from last post*

Power distance index (PDI) was measured through three questions in the IBM survey: the fear of employees to express disagreement, perception of superiors decision-making style and preference of superiors decision-making style. Hofstede (1991) argued that countries with a low PDI tended to have less inequality in the decision-making process and more interdependence and consultation among superiors and subordinates. In contrast, countries with a high PDI tended to have more inequality in the decision-making process and more dependence of subordinates on superiors. Power distance is, therefore, the extent to which subordinates within one country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally (Hofstede 1991).

The second dimension that Hofstede identified is collectivism versus individualism. Using survey data measuring the employees personal time, freedom, challenges compared to training, physical conditions and use of skills, Hofstede calculated each countrys individualism index (IDV). In countries with high IDV, he believed, individuals tend to be more independent, whereas countries with low IDV, individuals tend to be more dependent on their ingroups.

Another dimension of Hofstedes model is masculinity vs femininity, which is the degree of distinction between gender roles (Hofstede 1991). He identified that individuals in masculine societies (those which have a high MAS index) placed more importance on earnings, recognition and advancement in their survey response, which are masculine signs of assertion and focus on material success. Individuals in more feminine societies (with a low MAS index) placed more emphasis on cooperation, quality of life and security, which are evidence of the feminine signs of modesty and comfort.

The fourth dimension identified is uncertainty avoidance (measured by the UAI), a concept Hofstede admits to have been borrowed from the work of American sociologist James G. March. Collating IBM data in the questions of job stress, rule orientation and projected long term stay, he measured the level of avoidance to uncertainty, the extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations (Hofstede 1991). Individuals in countries with a high UAI are seen to be under high stress, fear ambiguous situations and see uncertainty as a threat which must be countered. Countries with low UAIs, Hofstede argues, have individuals with less stress and more accustomed to ambiguity and uncertainty.

The addendum of a fifth dimension to complement Hofstedes model was not first undertaken by Hofstede himself but by a Hong Kong academic, Michael H. Bond. In 1987, 40 fundamentally important Chinese values were collated into by Bonds group of Hong Kong academics (the Chinese Culture Connection) into a survey, the Chinese Values Survey (CVS) and was administered to 100 undergraduate students across 22 countries. The resultant findings, as analysed by Bond and Hofstede (1989), show that one dimension of the CVS could not associate with any of Hofstedes original dimensions.

This fifth dimension, Bonds Confucian (work) dynamism, is interpreted by Hofstede (1991) as the timeframe to which individuals orientate themselves. He believed that Chinese (Confucian) values could be polarised into long- and short-term orientations, and that cultures could be classified as long-term or short-term orientated. Long-term orientation contains persistence, thrift and humility, whereas short-term orientation consists of tradition, steadiness and desire for immediate returns (Hofstede 1991).

Application of China and US into Hofstedes Model

*insert Table 1: Table of Value Indices for China and US (adapted from Hofstede 1991 and Pan and Zhang 2004)*

Table 1 is a summary of the value indices for China and US, with their respective ranks in parentheses. What is interesting to note however, beyond the figures themselves, is that China was not originally part of the 53 countries in Hofstedes sample space: it was Cragins (1986) study which presented the data for Mainland China. As identified by Smith and Wang (1996), the figures for China are not and should not be directly comparable to Hofstedes IBM data. Therefore, caution should be taken to judge whether the figures in relation to each other are in fact meaningful or not.
all i've got so far.
 
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tactic

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very nice :)

i am doing question 1 though!

Winston.. ian tells me you are coming now and bringing lots of people :)
 

babydoll_

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Originally posted by Frigid
argh crap flick grilled the crap outta me for being non-conformist :(.

though being a law girl she grilled me subtly. :(

boo, u wanna see guy or girl strippers?
both :D:D:D
 

...

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Originally posted by tactic
eli.. you too buddy i thought you wanted to go to see me ;) :p
me?
:shy:

sorry, can't make it, parents are heading off the melbourne the next morning..have to help them
 

Winston

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Originally posted by tactic
very nice :)

i am doing question 1 though!

Winston.. ian tells me you are coming now and bringing lots of people :)
AHAHAHA I DID NOT SAY THAT! :p... i told ian ill ask my friends first if they wanna go :p... and if they do, then i'll go :)... so far 2! :| faints now i duno :(
 

Winston

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somebody kill me right now!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
 

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