y = cos^-1x => x = cos(y) ... (*)
So, (sin(y))^2 + (cos(y))^2 = 1 means sin(y) = sqrt(1 - x^2)
Now, differentiate (*) with respect to y,
dx/dy = -sin(y) => dy/dx = -1/sin(y) = -1/sqrt(1 - x^2)
There are some missing details on plus/minus, but this is the gist of it.