mitochondria
*Rawr*!
1. Be familiar with enzymes, know that most enzymes are very specific with what substrate they act on. The enzyme-substrate complex is like a "key and lock".
2. Identify that enzymes only work under certain conditions (such as pH, substrate concentration and temperature) and will be denature or destroyed if the temperature is too high.
3. Biology ideas are often link, knowing that enzymes are made up of proteins and that they only work under certain conditions, you will be able to deduce that a stable internal environment must be kept - homeostasis.
4. Homeostasis - detect change (by receptors) --> feedback via peripheral nervous system --> centrol nervous system (brain) --> signal is sent to effectors via the peripheral nervous system again --> change is counteract --> negative feedback --> start from the beginning*
5. Know where chemical exchanges occur, cell is the one of the exchange sites for most chemicals listed in the syllabus (9.2.2) and most are carried in plasma. O2 and small amount of CO2 are carried in haemoglobin of RBC. Draw a table with headings such as "Substance", "Tissue" and "Carried by" as headings.
6. Do not try to *remember* wordy things about arteries, veins and capillaries. Remember their structure first and then work out their differences.
7. Know the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin --> this one is a biggie
8. Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration in living cells. CO2 when dissolved in H2O is slightly acidic, the plasma is mostly H2O -- enzymes only work under certain conditions, therefore the removal of CO2 is essential in keeping a relatively stable pH. Also, CO2 is slightly to cells and a large amount of CO2 can kill them.
9. Xylum carries main H2O and ions; passive transport occurs in the xylum; know that capillary action (+adhesion and cohesion) and transpiration helps the transportation of materials in xylem.
10. Phloem carries organic materials (in other words, nutrients); materials are active transported in phloem.
11. Know what are symplastic loading and apoplastic loading. Symplast: the system of which protoplasts (the living unit of cells, i.e. nucleus + cytoplasm) are interconnected by plasmodesmata. Apoplast: the system of interconnected cell walls and the water that exist between them
12. Be able to draw the transverse and longitudinal sections of phloem and xylem
13. STYDY YOUR PRACS AND KNOW THEM WELL. The test for CO2 using limewater (CaCO3), know the chemistry of this. As discussed previously, know the blood cells prac well and their sizes: RBC ~7 microns in diameter and ~1 micron thick; WBC, have different shapes, vary from ~14-25 microns in diameter.
14. Some blood products and their uses: RBC (anaemia, blood lost); platelets (leukemia, cancer treatment which affects platelet-production); Immunoglobins (infection, people who cannot produce them); plasma (blood loss - to restore blood pressure)
15. Artificial blood: perflurochemicals and artificial haemoblobins can be used. Here's a useful link from Scientific American Artificial Blood
16. Identify that wastes can poision cells and slow down diffusion of waste outside the cell.
17. When wastes build up, osmosis will only increase the concentraion of H2O inside cells and kill them, besides, it can only move H2O so it will not remove the wastes within cells. On the other hand, diffusion is slow, and it is not selective. Also, it depends on the concentration gradient. So they are not adequate for the removing wastes.
18. Filtration: a non-selevtive process involves high pressure, occurs in the glomerulus. Reabsorption active transport; reuseable substances are transported back to the plasma. Secretion
19. ADH: Antidiuretic Hormone, made in the hypothalamus and stored in the prosterior pituitary gland, it stimulates water reabsorption in the kidney. Aldosterone: produced in the adrenal cortex and regulates salt concentration, therefore, also water concentration. See aldosterone and ADH
19. Enantiostasis: Maintenance of metabolic and physiological functions (as distinct from states), in response to variations in the environment. from science support document/syllabus Make sure you are able to compare structurally, environmentally the difference between marine and freshwater fish.
20. Understand why nitrogenous wastes produced by different type of organisms are different by relating to their environment, particularly the availability of water. Usually the more readily available water is, the more dilute the nitrogenous waste is being excret. *Pee hierarchy* - from least availability of water to most (excuse me *ahem*) uric acid --> urea --> ammonia
21. Have some examples of Australian plants and animals homeostasis. For example, Red Kangaroo, Hopping Mice, Eucalyptus, Cactus. Hint: basically any species you name have certain ways to adapt to temperature change or to adapt to water availability, (if you are really not sure in the exam - hopefully not) just name an Australian example you know and "write things" (so tempted to say "cra* on") about it... here are some common adaptions for animals: hide in shades; have large SA:V ratio to lose/absorb heat; pant; sweat; large ears, large body parts to store water/fat.. etc. For plants: hangs leaves vertically, have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, shiny surface to reflect sunlight (reduce the amount of heat it can absorb), bulgy parts to store water, thin leaves, leaves has small SA:V ratio; hair to reduce water loss by transpration; close and open stomas...
Important terms: enzyme, substrate, pH, homeostasis, xylem, phloem, symplast, apoplastic, osmosis, diffusion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion, kidney (and its components), enantiostasis, renal dialysis
Good luck everyone
Better go and reserve my first-to-post places in other two catagories now.. meeeeee tireeeeed... hehee.. i'll just stick something don't delete them babydoll!
2. Identify that enzymes only work under certain conditions (such as pH, substrate concentration and temperature) and will be denature or destroyed if the temperature is too high.
3. Biology ideas are often link, knowing that enzymes are made up of proteins and that they only work under certain conditions, you will be able to deduce that a stable internal environment must be kept - homeostasis.
4. Homeostasis - detect change (by receptors) --> feedback via peripheral nervous system --> centrol nervous system (brain) --> signal is sent to effectors via the peripheral nervous system again --> change is counteract --> negative feedback --> start from the beginning*
5. Know where chemical exchanges occur, cell is the one of the exchange sites for most chemicals listed in the syllabus (9.2.2) and most are carried in plasma. O2 and small amount of CO2 are carried in haemoglobin of RBC. Draw a table with headings such as "Substance", "Tissue" and "Carried by" as headings.
6. Do not try to *remember* wordy things about arteries, veins and capillaries. Remember their structure first and then work out their differences.
7. Know the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin --> this one is a biggie
8. Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration in living cells. CO2 when dissolved in H2O is slightly acidic, the plasma is mostly H2O -- enzymes only work under certain conditions, therefore the removal of CO2 is essential in keeping a relatively stable pH. Also, CO2 is slightly to cells and a large amount of CO2 can kill them.
9. Xylum carries main H2O and ions; passive transport occurs in the xylum; know that capillary action (+adhesion and cohesion) and transpiration helps the transportation of materials in xylem.
10. Phloem carries organic materials (in other words, nutrients); materials are active transported in phloem.
11. Know what are symplastic loading and apoplastic loading. Symplast: the system of which protoplasts (the living unit of cells, i.e. nucleus + cytoplasm) are interconnected by plasmodesmata. Apoplast: the system of interconnected cell walls and the water that exist between them
12. Be able to draw the transverse and longitudinal sections of phloem and xylem
13. STYDY YOUR PRACS AND KNOW THEM WELL. The test for CO2 using limewater (CaCO3), know the chemistry of this. As discussed previously, know the blood cells prac well and their sizes: RBC ~7 microns in diameter and ~1 micron thick; WBC, have different shapes, vary from ~14-25 microns in diameter.
14. Some blood products and their uses: RBC (anaemia, blood lost); platelets (leukemia, cancer treatment which affects platelet-production); Immunoglobins (infection, people who cannot produce them); plasma (blood loss - to restore blood pressure)
15. Artificial blood: perflurochemicals and artificial haemoblobins can be used. Here's a useful link from Scientific American Artificial Blood
16. Identify that wastes can poision cells and slow down diffusion of waste outside the cell.
17. When wastes build up, osmosis will only increase the concentraion of H2O inside cells and kill them, besides, it can only move H2O so it will not remove the wastes within cells. On the other hand, diffusion is slow, and it is not selective. Also, it depends on the concentration gradient. So they are not adequate for the removing wastes.
18. Filtration: a non-selevtive process involves high pressure, occurs in the glomerulus. Reabsorption active transport; reuseable substances are transported back to the plasma. Secretion
19. ADH: Antidiuretic Hormone, made in the hypothalamus and stored in the prosterior pituitary gland, it stimulates water reabsorption in the kidney. Aldosterone: produced in the adrenal cortex and regulates salt concentration, therefore, also water concentration. See aldosterone and ADH
19. Enantiostasis: Maintenance of metabolic and physiological functions (as distinct from states), in response to variations in the environment. from science support document/syllabus Make sure you are able to compare structurally, environmentally the difference between marine and freshwater fish.
20. Understand why nitrogenous wastes produced by different type of organisms are different by relating to their environment, particularly the availability of water. Usually the more readily available water is, the more dilute the nitrogenous waste is being excret. *Pee hierarchy* - from least availability of water to most (excuse me *ahem*) uric acid --> urea --> ammonia
21. Have some examples of Australian plants and animals homeostasis. For example, Red Kangaroo, Hopping Mice, Eucalyptus, Cactus. Hint: basically any species you name have certain ways to adapt to temperature change or to adapt to water availability, (if you are really not sure in the exam - hopefully not) just name an Australian example you know and "write things" (so tempted to say "cra* on") about it... here are some common adaptions for animals: hide in shades; have large SA:V ratio to lose/absorb heat; pant; sweat; large ears, large body parts to store water/fat.. etc. For plants: hangs leaves vertically, have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, shiny surface to reflect sunlight (reduce the amount of heat it can absorb), bulgy parts to store water, thin leaves, leaves has small SA:V ratio; hair to reduce water loss by transpration; close and open stomas...
Important terms: enzyme, substrate, pH, homeostasis, xylem, phloem, symplast, apoplastic, osmosis, diffusion, filtration, reabsorption, secretion, kidney (and its components), enantiostasis, renal dialysis
Good luck everyone
Better go and reserve my first-to-post places in other two catagories now.. meeeeee tireeeeed... hehee.. i'll just stick something don't delete them babydoll!
