for acids
HCl
H2SO4
HNO3
are strong acids where the its single arrow --->
other acids like CH3COOH, H2CO3 are weak acids where it has double arrows <--->
for base I would say they only expect you to know NaOH as strong, any other base they would tell you
the other way around, alcohol correspond to the alkyl and so on
as for the structure the -O-H from the alkanoic acid react with the -OH functional group in alkanol, condenses out water and leaving the -O- holding the two molecules together